Table 2
A partial list of typical chip-integrated graphene-based optical modulators
| Structure and reference | Layers of graphene | Insertion loss (dB) | Modulation depth (dB) | Bandwidth (GHz) | Power consumption (fJ bit−1) |
| Non-planarized Si waveguide [40] | Monolayer | – | 4 | 1.2 | – |
| Planarized Si waveguide [41] | Monolayer | 3.8 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 350 |
| Planarized Si waveguide [34,42] | Monolayer | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | – |
| Non-planarized Si waveguide [43] | Double-layer | 4 | 6.5 | 1 | – |
| Non-planarized Si waveguide [44] | Double-layer | 3.3 | 16 | 0.67 | – |
| Planarized Si waveguide [45] | Double-layer | – | 0.5 | 2.5 | – |
| Non-planarized a-Si waveguide [46]a) | Double-layer | ~1 | 2 | 35 | 1400 |
| Planarized Si waveguide [47] | Double-layer | 2.2 | 16 | 29 | 600 |
| Planarized Si waveguide-MZI [48] | Monolayer | – | 35 | 5 | 1000 |
| Non-planarized Si waveguide-ring [35] | Monolayer | – | 2.2 | 80b) | – |
| Non-planarized Si waveguide-ring [49] | Monolayer | ~5 | 12.5 | – | – |
| Planarized Si3N4 waveguide-ring [50] | Double-layer | – | 15 | 30 | 800 |
| Planarized Si3N4 waveguide-ring [51] | Double-layer | – | 7 | 14.7 | – |
| Non-planarized a-Si waveguide-DBR [52]a) | Double-layer | – | ~12 | 60 | 2.25 |
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