Table 3
Summary of the demonstrated 2D-material electro-optical modulators
| Material | Operation wavelength (μm) | 3-dB bandwidth (GHz) | Modulation type | Device structure | Modulation depth | Device footprint (mm2) | Ref. |
| Graphene | 1.35–1.60 | 1 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.1 (dB/μm) | 2.5×10−5 | [31] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | 1 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.16 (dB/μm) | 10−5 | [143] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.54–1.64 | 35 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.067 (dB/μm) | 1.8×10−5 | [144] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 5.9 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.05 (dB/μm) | 5×10−4 | [145] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 10 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.055 (dB/μm) | / | [146] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | 0.67 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.053 (dB/μm) | 10−3 | [147] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | 2.5 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 4.437 (dB) | 10−4 | [148] |
| Graphene | 429–2000 | 5 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 10 (dB) | 1 | [149] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | 12 | Intensity | PhC waveguide | 0.055 (dB/μm) | 10–5 | [150] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | / | Phase | PhC waveguide | 8 (dB) | / | [165] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | 29 | Intensity | SOI waveguide | 0.025 (dB/μm) | 10–2 | [151] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 30 | Intensity | Si3N4 microring | 28 (dB) | / | [140] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.59 | 14.7 | Intensity | Si3N4 microring | 7 (dB) | 10–5 | [152] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | / | Intensity | SOI microring | 12.5 (dB) | 10–2 | [153] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | / | Intensity | SOI microring | 2.3 (dB) | 10–5 | [154] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 774 | Phase | SOI microring | 7 (dB) | 10–5 | [166] |
| Graphene | 1.5 | / | Intensity | Plasmonic waveguide | 0.03 (dB/μm) | 10–5 | [156] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.55 | / | Intensity | Slot waveguide | 0.13 (dB/μm) | 10–5 | [157] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.53–1.57 | / | Intensity | Slot waveguide | 0.036 (dB/μm) | 10–4 | [158] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 5 | Phase | SOI MZI | 35 (dB) | 10–1 | [159] |
| Dual-layer graphene | 1.53–1.57 | / | Phase | SOI MZI | 15 (dB) | 10–1 | [160] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | / | Intensity & Phase | SOI MZI | 25 (dB) | 10–1 | [161] |
| Graphene | 1.55 | 67 | Phase | PhC MZI | / | 10–3 | [162] |
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