Other applications based on 2D material-assisted epitaxy. (A) Photoluminescence spectra of the MQWs on sapphire, with monolayer Gr, and with nanorods (NRs) and monolayer Gr [54]. (B) Histograms of compressive stress and In incorporation of different samples [54]. (C) I-V characteristic of cyan LED grown on graphene [54]. (D) Measured temperatures of AlN films on a sapphire substrate with and without vertical graphene (VG) [79]. (E) HAADF-STEM image and integrated differential phase contrast images of the interface atomic structure of the GaN film with N-polarity [51]. (F) Photograph of LED after applying current using graphene as a transparent conductive electrode [88].