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All issues Volume 3 / No 3 (2024) Natl Sci Open, 3 3 (2024) 20230051 Full HTML
Issue
Natl Sci Open
Volume 3, Number 3, 2024
Special Topic: Energy Systems of Low Carbon Buildings
Article Number 20230051
Number of page(s) 36
Section Engineering
DOI https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20230051
Published online 17 November 2023

© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Science Press and EDP Sciences.

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION

Background

According to China Association of Building Energy Efficiency’s statistics [1], the carbon emissions of Chinese buildings during the operation stage have been rising year by year (Figure 1), reaching 2.16 billion ton CO2 (tCO2) in 2020, which accounts for 21.7% of the total carbon emission of the nation. If the carbon emissions of industrial energy use in industrial parks are considered, the building sector’s carbon emission intensity will increase significantly. The Chinese government’s “Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking Before 2030” proposed optimizing industrial parks’ spatial layout and conducting energy conservation and carbon reduction transition in industrial parks to increase resource productivity and recycling. By 2030, all the key industrial parks at or above the provincial level would carry on a low-carbon recycling transition [2], because the decarbonization of industrial parks would be an important component to achieve the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals” [3]. However, the renewable energy utilization rate in industrial parks is only about 30% [4], and the electricity self-sufficiency rate is less than 50% [5]. Energy consumers in industrial parks rely heavily on traditional fossil energy from sources such as the utility grid, heating pipe network, and gas network, resulting in poor energy conservation and carbon reduction, and bad reliability for energy systems in industrial parks [6,7]. Therefore, increasing the renewable energy penetration of industrial parks is a clear path to the clean, low-carbon, and efficient energy supply for industrial parks.

thumbnail Figure 1

Primary energy consumption and carbon emissions for the building operation stage in China (2005–2020). tce: ton of standard coal equivalent.

Energy storage is an important link between energy source and load that can help improve the utilization rate of renewable energy and realize zero energy and zero carbon goals [8–10]. However, at the industrial park scale, the proportion of renewable energy penetration on the source side is constantly increasing, the energy demand on the load side is growing sharply; at the same time, volatility on the source and load sides has been increasing. Relying only on optimizing the configuration and operation scheme of a single energy storage technology cannot handle the highly uncertain changes of energy on both the source and load sides. This is a clear indicator of the problem of insufficient flexibility of a single energy storage. This insufficient flexibility has led to difficulties in improving the renewable energy utilization level of an industrial park’s energy system. Previous studies have shown that integrating hybrid energy storage systems composed of different methods of energy storage (thermal storage, electricity storage, cooling storage, etc.) into the energy supply system can increase the renewable energy penetration for the energy systems in industrial parks [11]. However, the advantages, current status, and challenges of applying hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks have not been investigated in detail. In order to guide the future application and development of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive review and study on hybrid energy storage system in industrial park.

Research status

An “industrial park” refers to an industrial cluster region formed in a certain area/zone, either through government-led interventions or spontaneous market mechanisms [12]. Such zones are equipped with comprehensive infrastructure and a conducive development environment, concentrating enterprises that share interconnectedness and distinctive characteristics. The objective is to foster technological exchange, innovation, and regional economic growth. Different types of industrial parks are categorized and illustrated in Figure 2. Based on the summary and categorization, except for parks centered on heavy industries such as industrial manufacturing and automotive industries (secondary industries), most industrial parks have substantial areas which are suitable for the deployment of renewable energy resources (like photovoltaics, wind energy, heat pumps, etc.). Moreover, the energy produced within industrial parks may potentially meet or even exceed the load demands of users, especially on holidays and weekends, which not only pave the way for low-carbon and zero-energy operations within these parks, but also bring on the energy storage problems. In the context of global initiatives of proposing “carbon neutrality” objectives and technological trajectories, extensive renewable energy installations will be implemented around these industrial parks, leading to a pronounced unpredictability, volatility, and uncertainty to the energy supply system in industrial parks [13]. Simultaneously, with the development of society, fluctuations and complexities in cooling, heating, electricity, and gas loads on the user side will intensify within the industrial parks [14]. This results in the industrial park energy systems having significant imbalances between the source and load energies, as well as challenges like the underutilization of renewable energy resources. Heptonstall et al. [15] indicated in their research that at high renewable energy penetration (exceeding 40%), there was a significant energy imbalance between the energy supply side and the load demand side of industrial parks, resulting in a considerable increase in the system’s energy supply costs. Guo et al. [16] conducted research on industrial parks under scenarios of high renewable energy penetration. Their findings showed that, in the absence of energy storage, the self-sufficiency rate and self-consumption rate of photovoltaic in industrial parks were 48.9% and 61.4%, respectively. Wu and Guo [17] indicated that when the renewable energy penetration in a certain industrial park reached 50%, 40% of the photovoltaic in that industrial park needed to be either integrated into the utility grid. Numerous studies have demonstrated that energy storage plays a pivotal role in ensuring stable energy supply, integrating renewable energy sources, and achieving energy conservation and carbon reduction in industrial parks [18].

thumbnail Figure 2

Classification of industrial parks.

Energy storage has been widely used in industrial parks, but the role of a single energy storage technology in such industrial parks’ is limited and cannot meet the full needs of energy storage [19]. For example, electricity storage technology has high energy quality and a wide range of applications, but also has a high unit cost and low energy density [20]. Gas storage technology is a mature technology and has a high energy density, but it has low conversion efficiencies in electrolysis and methanation processes, in addition to being relatively expensive [21]. Thermal storage technology is another mature technology that is economical, but it has a lower energy quality and cycling efficiency [22]. Hybrid energy storage systems have the advantages of better economics, carbon emissions reduction, and a high utilization level of renewable energy [23,24]. Such systems have significant advantages in terms of sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and social impact in industrial parks [7,25]. Previous studies have elucidated the role of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks through both qualitative and/or quantitative conclusions [26]. For instance, Sepulveda et al. [27] taking integrated industrial parks in New England and Texas as case studies, identified the role of long-duration storage systems comprised of various energy storage methods in power systems decarbonizing. Kittner et al. [28] substantiated that the deployment and innovation of energy storage, particularly hybrid energy storage, serve as crucial underpinnings for the clean transition of industrial parks and the broader energy sector. They posited that when battery storage costs descend to $ 100/kWh, renewable energy can directly compete with fossil fuels. Li et al. [29] indicated that, the annual total cost of industrial park energy systems incorporating hybrid energy storage was reduced by $ 7.78 million (12.61%) compared with systems with battery storage alone. Guo et al. [30] conducted a study on an industrial park’s energy system with hybrid energy storage. Their findings revealed that, the proposed system’s economic efficiency was improved by 61.14% in comparison to systems without hybrid energy storage.

However, many aspects and performance of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks have not yet been investigated in practice. In terms of modeling, unified time scale modeling was mainly adopts [31]. Meanwhile, previous studies have mainly focused on the energy storage capacity without focusing on the energy storage quality [14]. In terms of regulation, most previous studies have focused on “passive storage”, while “active storage” combined with the advanced load prediction has been neglected [32,33]. For the aspects of design optimization, both equipment configuration and rule-based operational strategy are typically considered concurrently. This optimization design method is inadequate when the proportion of renewable energy is high at the energy supply side and the loads fluctuate sharply at the energy demand side [34,35]. In terms of optimized scheduling, most studies have adopted multi-time scale optimization of mathematical programming combined with short-term/ultra-short-term load prediction. However, linear simplification in the nonlinear models would cause the model characterization effect to be poor and large deviations from the actual situation [36,37]. In addition, few studies have put forward optimization methods and frameworks for designing and operating a hybrid energy storage system with a clear rationale behind its design [38,39].

The reasons for the aforementioned limitations in previous studies are as follows: the renewable energy power output on the energy source side and the demand side loads are characterized by great volatility, uncertainty and intermittency. Current forecasting methods are unable to accurately predict the energy demand from both the energy source and user side [40]. In order to improve the renewable energy utilization rate and the system energy efficiency, the energy systems of industrial parks use various renewable energy utilization equipment, energy storage methods, and links to the local energy network. This complex system structure makes it challenging to model such systems [41]. Due to the energy equipment’s inherent properties, the difference in response times between the cooling/heating-related “slow-response” equipment and the electrical related “fast-response” equipment is large, which make the system regulation and optimization difficult [14]. The energy storage unit cost is also relatively high, which results in obstacle to its promotion and application [42]. Therefore, more attention should be paid on the framework, modeling, regulation and optimization of hybrid energy storage systems.

In terms of system framework, there is no unified conclusion in the literature as to which energy storage methods should be chosen to construct a hybrid energy storage system [43,44]. The literature currently focused on coordinated operations between different energy storage methods. Many studies have investigated the system framework of hybrid energy storage systems and there were many typical frameworks such as power-power, cooling-heating-power, and power-heating/cooling-gas in coordinated operation [45,46]. Each typical framework has advantages and disadvantages attributed to different energy supply scenarios, optimization objectives, constraints, user preferences, etc. [47].

In terms of system modeling, different disciplines focus on different types of energy equipment. Currently, many reports in the building energy field were based on hourly energy balance constraints, focusing on thermodynamic models that characterize the operating characteristics of cooling/heating related “slow-response” equipment [48]. However, the electrical related “fast-response” devices only focus on energy balance, which could not fully characterize the system’s response characteristics in a short time. Reports from the field of electrical engineering usually presented a unified model that considers the overall flow transfer and conversion process of cooling, heating, and electrical energy, and carried out analysis and modeling of “fast” and “slow” equipment [14]. However, the linear simplification of variable operating conditions for “slow-response” equipment cannot fully characterize their thermodynamic operation characteristics [46].

In terms of regulation, many studies have emphasized the differences in operational characteristics and response times between electricity storage technologies for energy-type and power-type. By integrating different electricity storage methods into the energy supply system to smooth out fluctuations of the source power, but the thermal energy storage has not been considered simultaneously [49]. Many studies have focused on the integration of various energy storage methods into the energy system in industrial parks [50]. However, the majority rely on the passive regulatory principle of “maximum self-consumption rate”, without proactively considering the energy characteristics in future periods. This result may fail to fully harness the proactive storage advantages of hybrid energy storage system.

In terms of optimization, there is a mutual influence between system operation optimization and equipment configuration optimization. Previous studies usually considered three optimization methods, and mainly used collaborative [51], multi-stage, and hierarchical optimization methods [34] to obtain reliable configuration and operating status of system devices. However, current studies on hybrid energy storage system were equipment configuration and rule-based operational strategy is typically considered concurrently for optimization. This optimization method is inadequate when the proportion of renewable energy is high at the energy supply side and the loads fluctuate sharply at the energy demand side. Based on the obtained system configuration, some studies combined the short-term/ultra-short-term energy prediction method with the mathematical planning method and proposed an optimized multi-time scale operation method [36,37]. Such analysis aimed to develop a more refined intra-day short-time scale operation scheme and ensured the reliability of the renewable energy supply. However, in most studies, many nonlinear equipment models were linearly simplified in the optimization process, and the operation optimization results were significantly different from the actual situation.

Motivation and work of this paper

Hybrid energy storage systems have the advantages of better economic benefits, energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, and the promotion of sustainable development. Previous studies had suggested that hybrid energy storage systems were suitable for use in industrial parks. However, due to the uncertainty of energy on both the source and load sides, the complexity of the system structure, and the significant differences in equipment response times, there are no mature conclusions have been reached regarding the optimal structure, configuration, and operation of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks.

This paper reviewed the advantages, current status, and future challenges of study on the hybrid energy storage systems for industrial parks. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of common energy storage methods (such as electricity, heating, and gas energy storage) were discussed in terms of their response time, service life, economic cost, and applicability. Secondly, the advantages of hybrid energy storage systems were discussed in terms of their relation to sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and social impact in industrial parks. Then, the typical framework of a hybrid energy storage system was introduced and analyzed based on combined storages such as power-power, cooling-heating-power, and power-heating/cooling-gas. Furthermore, the research hotspots of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial park were summarized, including system modeling methods, hybrid energy storage mechanisms, and optimization of design and operation methods. In addition, the challenges of modeling, regulation and optimization of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks were discussed. Finally, the optimization methods and framework for designing and operating a hybrid energy storage system in an industrial park were proposed.

COMMON ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRIAL PARKS

In order to increase the proportion of renewable energy usage in industrial parks, it is necessary to transform the energy supply mode of buildings from the centralized energy supply mode to a combined distributed and centralized energy supply mode. However, the new energy supply mode probably causes multiple mismatches in both the source and load sides and lower the utilization efficiency of renewable energy. Energy storage can effectively increase the renewable energy utilization levels and the comprehensive benefit of the industrial park’s energy system [52‒54]. In addition, energy storage technology also plays an important role in peak shifting and valley filling, peak and frequency regulation, stable system operation, and so on [55,56]. The commonly used energy storage technologies in industrial parks (Figure 3) were divided into electricity storage (lead-acid battery, lithium battery, supercapacitor, flywheel storage, etc.), thermal storage (thermal storage water tank, phase change material, etc.), and gas storage (natural gas storage, hydrogen storage, etc.) [57]. Each energy storage technology has different operating principles and is greatly affected by different application scenarios, resulting in huge differences in the advantages and limitations in terms of economy, response time, energy storage density, etc. [58,59].

thumbnail Figure 3

Common energy storage technology in industrial parks.

Electricity storage

Electricity storage technologies can be divided into electrochemical energy storage (lead-carbon battery, lithium battery, etc.), physical energy storage (pumped storage, compressed air energy storage, etc.), and electromagnetic energy storage (superconducting magnetic energy storage, etc.) according to the method of energy storage [60]. A performance comparison of typical electricity storage technology in terms of energy density, power density, response time, etc., is shown in Table 1 [18,61‒64]. The table shows that each electricity storage technology has significant differences in energy and power density, capacity cost, response time, service life, and other aspects. For example, the supercapacitor’s power density could reach up to 5000 W/kg, which is 50 times larger than that of the flow battery. The capacity cost of lead-acid batteries was about $ 60‒80/kWh, while that of superconducting magnetic energy storage was greater than $ 15,000/kWh. In terms of the service life, most electrochemical energy storage technologies have a cycle number of several hundred to several thousand cycles, while pumped storage has a life span of 30 to 60 years. As for the response times, ultracapacitors and flywheel energy storage have a millisecond-level response, while the fastest response time of mechanical energy storage was at the minute level. In addition, physical energy storage technologies are featured with long service life and large-scale storage capacity, but it has strict site restrictions and the disadvantage of inefficiency [65]. Electromagnetic energy storage has the advantages of a fast response speed and large specific power, but its unit cost is expensive and it is still in the experimental stage [66]. Therefore, physical energy storage and superconducting magnetic energy storage are unsuitable for industrial park applications.

Table 1

Performance comparison of typical electricity storage methods [18,61‒64]

Electrochemical storage can be divided into energy-type and power-type according to energy density, power density, response time, and other factors. Energy-type electricity storage technologies have a high energy density and a relatively slow discharge time, mainly used in large-scale energy storage and transfer scenarios. Power-type electricity storage technologies have a high power density and high instantaneous charging/discharging power, and is mainly applied in the scenarios requiring transiently high-power charging/discharging [67,68]. Lithium batteries, which are the representative of energy-type electricity storage, can meet different requirements of power and energy supply, response speeds, and charging/discharging duration. However, energy-type electricity storage has some disadvantages, such as being incapable of charging/discharging frequently and instantaneous large-scale charging/discharging, and inability to respond to millisecond time scale grid fluctuations [69]. Supercapacitors, which are the representative of power-type electricity storage, have the features of a fast response speed, high specific power, and transient large-scale charging/discharging. However, some disadvantages exist such as high unit cost, short duration of charging/discharging, and low energy density [67,70].

To sum up, a single electricity storage technology cannot simultaneously meet the reliability, stability, and economic requirements of the energy systems in industrial parks, thus it was necessary to combine the advantages of both the power-type and the energy-type electricity storage to improve the renewable energy utilization rate in industrial parks.

Thermal storage

According to the energy storage mechanism and materials, thermal energy storage technologies can be divided into sensible, latent, and thermochemical thermal storage [71]. Thermochemical thermal storage is still mainly in the experimental development stage with few commercial applications [22,72], hence is not discussed in this study. Compared with electricity storage technologies, thermal storage technologies are characterized with technical maturity, low cost, long equipment lifetime, environmental protection, and no pollution. This technology could effectively store excess heat in industrial parks and supply heating or cooling to users when needed [16,73,74]. However, the energy quality of low-moderate temperature thermal energy is relatively low, the conversion efficiency is low for absorption heat pumps, and the high-temperature thermal to electricity conversion is also limited by the Carnot cycle. The energy quality of thermal storage is low, which can only meet the users’ cooling or heating load demand and cannot be converted into other types of energy. In addition, there are low cycle efficiency and heating loss problems for thermal storage systems [75].

To be specific, sensible heating storage is mainly used to store/release energy by using the heat capacity of the materials’ temperature difference during the cycle. The stored heating capacity is proportional to the density, specific heat, volume, and temperature variation of the stored materials [76]. The storage system performance mainly depends on the density and specific heat of the materials used, which leads to a large volume of the energy storage system, and thus results in the high space required and associated costs, in addition to significant thermal losses [77]. Latent heating storage (e.g., iced storage, phase change material) takes full advantage of the phase transition enthalpy of phase change materials, thus the energy storage density is higher and the required storage space is lower than those of sensible storages. In addition, latent heating storage is also limited by the phase change material’s properties, such as low thermal conductivity, supercooling, phase separation, and other problems [78,79].

The technical characteristics of commonly used commercial thermal storage materials are shown in Table 2 [78,80–83]. Water is the most commonly used thermal energy storage medium due to its merits of economical, accessible, environmentally friendly, and chemically stable. In recent years, researchers have focused more on phase change materials (PCMs) due to their high thermal storage density and relatively low price. At present, high-temperature thermal storage is a research hotspot, for example using molten salt heat storage in power generation.

Table 2

Technical characteristics of commonly used commercial thermal storage materials [78,80–83]

To sum up, thermal energy storage technologies have the advantages of being economical, environmentally friendly, capable of large-scale storage, and long service life. However, it has some limitations such as low energy quality, large energy loss, low efficiency, and inability to be converted into other forms of energy. When users mainly need cooling or heating energy, they can directly use solar heat collection technology to collect heat, or power-to-heating/cooling technology to convert electrical energy into heating/cooling, and use thermal storage equipment for storage to improve the energy supply’s economy and reliability in industrial parks.

Gas storage

The gas load demand of industrial parks is met by natural gas and/or hydrogen. On the one hand, the users could purchase gas from the outside to meet the gas load demand. At the same time, the surplus power generation from renewable energy sources could be used for water electrolysis or methanation to generate hydrogen and/or natural gas [84‒86]. Gas storage facilities can effectively alleviate the mismatch between the gas supply and gas used in industrial parks. Gas storage technology in industrial parks includes gas storage tanks, liquefied gas, pipelines, hydrates, compressed gas, and other gas storage methods [87,88]. Pipeline gas storage uses the pressure and volume variation at the user end to store natural gas. It took the advantage of the gas storage and also has the advantage of being economical, and is one of the most commonly used gas storage technologies [89].

Using power-to-gas technology to convert excess electricity generated by PV systems and wind power into hydrogen or methane for storage in gas storage equipment, exploits high energy density and long-distance transportation capability of gas storage. At the same time, gas storage facilities can be used for long-term seasonal storage, effectively alleviating the long-term mismatch problem between renewable energy generation and users’ energy consumption [84,90]. However, the process efficiency is lower for electrolyzing water [91] (60%‒80%) and methanation [92] (60%‒80%), and there is a large energy loss when hydrogen or methane is reconverted into other types of energy [93].

Other storage technologies

In recent years, there is more attention focused on load flexibility and vehicle-to-grid/building (V2G/B) as generalized energy storage technologies. Load flexibility is defined as the ability of a building to promote the energy balance between supply and demand by changing its operating power or operating time to adapt to weather conditions, user needs, or energy system requirements without compromising the users’ interests [94]. Load flexibility regarding to grid demand response and auxiliary services can effectively alleviate the impact of high penetration of distributed renewable energy [95,96]. Compared with traditional energy storage technologies, load flexibility requires no additional investment and is more economical and feasible in industrial parks. Employing load flexibility techniques by synergistically coordinating transferable, shiftable, interruptible, and curtailable loads is capable of swiftly respond to utility grid events and renewable energy utilization signals, consequently elevating the holistic benefits of industrial parks [97]. A generalized hybrid energy storage system, which is constituted by flexible loads and traditional energy storage methods, can reduce the capacity requirements of traditional energy storages, thereby enhancing the economic efficiency of the system [98]. However, the development and promotion of load flexibility technology in industrial parks face considerably challenges, including the low accuracy in predicting user-adjustable potential, limited frequency of user participation, difficulties in large-scale user regulation, and poor reliability of adjustments [99,100].

The primary objective of V2G/B is to improve the utilization level of renewable energy and peak-shifting and valley-filling for the utility grid through the interaction between electric vehicles and the grid or buildings [101]. Essentially, a certain number of electric vehicles can function as storage units to alleviate the imbalances and mismatches between renewable energy generation and electricity consumption in the utility grid or buildings [102‒104]. V2G/B has advantages such as economic benefits, peak-shifting and valley-filling, enhanced utilization of renewable energy, and a reduction in infrastructure investment [105,106]. Some studies integrated electric vehicles as mobile energy storage into hybrid storage systems to address the challenge of high initial investments of electricity storage [107]. Another research focal point involves utilizing hydrogen vehicles to harness the excess renewable energy in industrial parks, thereby enhancing renewable energy utilization levels, reducing the system investment and operational costs, and decreasing primary energy consumptions and carbon emissions [108]. At the same time, V2G/B faces challenges such as difficulties in coordinating resources, and low willingness of vehicle owners to participate [109,110]. In addition, previous studies mainly focused on theoretical frameworks with few reports referring to experiments.

Electricity storage technologies have high energy quality and can convert stored electricity into various types of energy. Their application potential is vast. However, these technologies still have some shortcomings, such as low energy density, high unit cost, and inherent security risks. Gas storage technology is well-established, possessing advantages such as high energy density, extended storage duration, and long transportation ranges. However, the power-to-gas conversion process encounters challenges such as low energy conversion efficiency, high equipment costs, and insufficient technological maturity. Thermal energy storage technologies have the advantages of being mature, economical, environmentally friendly, and having a long equipment service life. However, thermal energy storage technologies also have limitations such as low energy quality, high heating loss, and low cycle efficiency.

In summary, each energy storage technique has obvious advantages and disadvantages, and their role in industrial parks is limited as they cannot meet the industrial park users’ full needs. Hybrid energy storage holds promise in facilitating energy transitions in industrial parks, advancing sustainable development, mitigating climate change, and delivering significant societal benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out further research on hybrid energy storage systems to leverage the advantages of different energy storage technologies, improving the renewable energy utilization level of industrial parks.

ADVANTAGES AND TYPICAL FRAMEWORK OF HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

Advantages of hybrid energy storage

Hybrid energy storage systems play a pivotal role in the advancement of renewable energy within industrial parks. In the context of China’s goals for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the prospects of hybrid energy storage development are promising. Several studies have indicated that hybrid energy storage systems exhibit significant advantages in areas such as economic benefits, energy conservation and carbon reduction, quality of energy supply, peak shifting and valley filling, and utilization of renewable energy.

(1) Economic benefits Hybrid energy storage can stabilize imbalances of instantaneous electric power and large electric quantity on both the energy supply side and load demand sides through power-type and energy-type electricity storage equipment, respectively [20,24]. The combination of energy-type and power-type electricity storage effectively reduces the initial investment costs associated with electricity storage devices [111]. At the same time, hybrid energy storage systems can prevent frequent start-stop cycles and transient large-scale charging and discharging of energy-type storage devices, thereby extending their service life and enhancing the economic efficiency of the industrial park’s energy system [112,113]. By combining the “active storage” strategy of energy storage with advanced load forecasting techniques, the operation of diversified energy storage systems can be optimized, improving the economic benefits of the hybrid energy storage system [114].

(2) Energy conservation and carbon reduction Integrating industrial park energy systems with hybrid energy storage can further improve the utilization level of local renewable energy and industrial waste heat, realizing efficient and clean cascade utilization [26]. Additionally, hybrid energy storage can effectively improve the local energy utilization rate, diminishing the losses in electricity and heat during transmission, which in turn reduces the primary energy consumption and carbon emissions of the energy system [41,115]. According to preliminary studies on hybrid energy storage, the energy-saving rate and carbon reduction rate of the industrial park energy system with hybrid energy storages were above 40% and 50%, respectively, compared to the separated production system [116]. Hybrid energy storage system can significantly contribute to energy conservation and carbon reduction in both building and industrial sectors [117,118].

(3) Technological complementarity Each energy storage method possesses its unique advantages and limitations [119]. For instance, supercapacitors boast high power density and rapid response times, but they come with higher costs and lower energy density [120]. Thermal storage is cost-effective and technologically mature, but the quality of stored energy is lower, and it suffers from reduced cycle efficiency [121]. Hybrid energy storage systems can harness the strengths of different energy storage methods, facilitating a more efficient and comprehensive energy management in industrial parks [122].

(4) Meeting varied load demands in the industrial park Industrial parks typically require a variety of load demands including cooling, heating, electricity, and gas [123]. Hybrid energy storage systems can better satisfy the multifaceted load needs of the industrial park, enhancing the reliability of energy supply and user satisfaction in energy consumption [124,125].

(5) Prolonging energy storage lifespan Through judicious management of hybrid energy storage systems, one can effectively avert over-reliance on any single energy storage technology, thereby extending the overall lifespan of the system [126‒128]. For instance, by coordinating lithium batteries with supercapacitors, the frequent start-stop cycles and instantaneous high-power charging and discharging of the lithium batteries can be mitigated, prolonging their operation life [129,130].

(6) Peak-shifting and valley-filling The pressure to shift peaks of the energy system has been escalating in industrial parks due to the high renewable energy penetration and the continuously widening peak-valley difference in user load demand [112]. Hybrid energy storage store electricity during periods of price valleys or peak of renewable energy generation and releases energy for users during periods of peak energy consumption, thereby improving the operation flexibility of the energy system [119].

(7) Better adaptation to renewable energy Since the supply of renewable energy resources, such as wind and sunlight, is volatile and user loads are relatively uncertain and intermittent, there exists a low utilization rate of renewable energy in industrial parks [19]. Hybrid energy storage systems utilize both energy-type and power-type electricity storage to balance out discrepancies between supply and demand sides [31]. They convert renewable energy generation into thermal energy (cooling/heating) using power-to-cooling/heating technologies and store it [68]. During periods of peak user demand, the stored energy by hybrid energy storage systems is released to alleviate imbalances between supply and demand, thereby improving the renewable energy utilization rate [131]. Additionally, hybrid energy storage systems can use thermal storage technology to store excess heat collected by solar thermal collectors, supplying it when users require a cooling/heating load, and thus enhancing the energy utilization rate of the solar thermal collectors [132,133].

Typical framework of hybrid energy storage

Regarding the hybrid energy storage system structure, there is no unified conclusion on which energy storage methods to use, but power-power, cooling-heating-power, and power-heating-gas storage methods are focuses of current research. There are many typical hybrid energy storage structures that have been highlighted in the literature. Each typical structure has advantages and disadvantages, mainly resulting from different energy supply scenarios, optimization objectives, etc.

Power-power hybrid energy storage system

Current research is heavily centered on integrating various electricity storage methods within the energy systems of industrial parks. Numerous reports have investigated this topic, considering the transient power discrepancies between the source and load sides. They allocate low-frequency power components to energy-type electricity storage and high-frequency power components to power-type electricity storage. Commonly used power-power combined storage methods include supercapacitor-storage systems, supercapacitor-compressed air energy storages, lithium battery-compressed air energy storages, and supercapacitor-lithium battery-compressed air energy storages, etc. [90,134‒136]. By coupling different electricity storage methods to amalgamate their advantages, such as mitigate energy fluctuations on both the energy source and load sides, extend the lifespan of energy storage, and improve operational efficiency, the renewable energy utilization can be enhanced [137].

The supercapacitor-storage battery system has a short response time. It can avoid frequent start-stop operations and transient large-scale charging/discharging for the storage battery, prolong the battery’s service life, and is suitable for small to medium-sized electricity storage [138]. The supercapacitor in supercapacitor-compressed air energy storage can quickly counteract the unbalanced electrical power of the source and load sides and use compressed air energy storage to store electricity on a large scale at a reduced cost. However, it is primarily suitable for large-scale electricity storage [139]. Lithium battery-compressed air energy storage boasts a high safety factor and a relatively low cost, but with a longer response time and reduced lithium battery service life [140]. The supercapacitor-lithium battery-compressed air energy storage can harness the advantages of each method and is suitable for large-scale electricity storage, but requires large initial investment and has control difficulties [141]. Moreover, some studies consider electric vehicles [142] and load flexibility [143] as novel electricity storage methods for constructing the energy system, aiming to boost the system’s economic benefits, energy-saving, and carbon reduction. However, challenges arise in coordinating various stakeholders’ interests and controlling the system.

Representing a typical power-power collaboration storage method, the supercapacitor-storage battery combination (as depicted in Figure 4) offers advantages such as a short response time, extended charging/discharging duration, enhanced overall benefits of the energy system, and is well-suited for industrial parks. Wind power and photovoltaics convert renewable energy into electricity to supply the electric load to users. The storage battery and ultracapacitor are strategically utilized to stabilize the imbalances in power between the source and load sides, with the storage battery addressing low-frequency fluctuations and the ultracapacitor handling high-frequency variations. Furthermore, the utility grid serves as a backup power source when power of the hybrid energy storage is insufficient or to utilize excess renewable energy generation. However, many power-power collaboration storage studies typically neglect other energy storage methods or the supply and regulation of heating and cooling loads in industrial parks.

thumbnail Figure 4

Schematic diagram of power-power hybrid energy storage.

Cooling-heating-power hybrid energy storage system

Numerous studies have explored hybrid energy storage systems that combine electrical with thermal (both heating and cooling) energy storage. Research on this type of hybrid energy storage primarily encompasses cooling-heating storage, cooling-power storage, heating-power storage, and cooling-heating-power storage. The main objective of these studies has been to meet users’ cooling, heating, and electricity demands, while enhancing the industrial park’s renewable energy utilization rate, economic feasibility, energy conservation, and carbon emissions reduction [45,46].

Cooling-heating storage is employed for cooling storage in the summer and heating storage in the winter, aiming to enhance the utilization of solar thermal energy and the overall benefits of energy systems in parks. It is best suited for scenarios with significant demands for both cooling and heating [30]. Cooling-power storage utilizes cooling and electricity storage to store excess cooling and electrical energy, respectively, realizing spatiotemporal energy transfer and improve the matching of energy source and load demand, which is appropriate for regions with substantial demands for cooling and electricity, especially in areas with hot summers and warm winters [144]. Heating-power storage uses heating storage in the winter and electricity storage in the year-round, to improve the utilization scale of system’s renewable energies and efficiency of industrial waste heat utilization. It is typically applied in cold or severe cold regions, the main demands are heating and electricity [145].

Cooling-heating-power storage uses cooling storage in the summer, heating storage in the winter, and electricity storage in the year-round. It leverages the combined advantages of various energy storage methods, thereby reducing system operation and maintenance costs while enhancing the system’s energy conservation and environmental friendliness [146]. Addressing the inherent high costs of electricity storage, some studies have proposed power-to-heat [147] and power-to-cool [148] technologies based on combined cooling, heating, and electricity energy storage, to convert electricity into heating and cooling for storage. This enhances renewable energy utilization and reduces overall system costs. Additionally, certain reports have integrated electric vehicles [149] and demand side response [150] as novel energy storage techniques, merging them with traditional energy storage approaches to craft hybrid energy storage systems. Findings indicated that electric vehicles and demand-side responses could effectively decrease the capacity required by traditional energy storage methods and enhance the overall efficiency of the hybrid energy storage system.

The typical framework of the cooling-heating-power energy storage system is shown in Figure 5 [151]. The system prioritizes utilizing photovoltaic and wind power generation to supply users with electric loads. Surplus electricity, cooling, and heating from the system are stored in electrical, ice, and heat storage units respectively, and are released upon user demand. The utility grids and cogeneration systems serve to make up for any deficiencies in the electric load of the system. Furthermore, such systems often incorporate virtual power plants or demand-side response technologies on the user side to maximize the use of renewable energy sources. However, a majority of these studies mainly focus on “passive storage”, which does not merge hybrid energy storage with forecasts of renewable energy generation and user energy demand, resulting in suboptimal allocation and storage of electricity, heating, and cooling energies.

thumbnail Figure 5

Typical framework of cooling-heating-power hybrid energy storage system [151].

Power-cooling/heating-gas hybrid energy storage system

Investigations into hybrid energy storage combining power-cooling/heating-gas storage (especially hydrogen) have been widely reported [21]. This type of energy system takes full advantages of the benefits of hydrogen storage, which include high energy density, long storage time, and long transportation distance, and combines them with electricity and heating energy storage to form a hybrid energy storage system [43,152,153]. Reference [154] constructed an industrial park energy system that coupled electricity storage, thermal storage, hydrogen storage, and fuel cells. The research results indicated that renewable energy generation could satisfy 35%–49% of the park’s electricity demand. Reference [155] introduced an industrial park energy system that integrated battery storage, hydrogen storage, and gas turbines. This system was found to reduce carbon emissions by 37.2% by providing hydrogen fuel to the gas turbine. Reference [156] took two tropical cities as energy supply scenarios, and the results demonstrated that the combined electricity, hydrogen, and cooling storage technologies could effectively reduce system costs. Reference [157] compared industrial park energy systems with and without hydrogen, electrical, and heating storage technology, and the findings revealed that adding hybrid energy storage decreased the system’s energy supply cost by $ 0.0207/kWh. In conclusion, the hybrid energy storage comprising power-cooling/heating-gas can enhance renewable energy utilization, reduce carbon emissions, and lower operational costs in industrial parks.

The typical schematic diagram for power-heating/cooling-gas energy storage is shown in Figure 6. Renewable energy generation is prioritized to meet users’ electric load. Excess electrical energy is partly stored in batteries, while the rest is converted into hydrogen or methane through power-to-gas technologies and supplied to the municipal gas grid and/or stored in gas storage tanks. Shortfalls in the electric load are sequentially compensated by batteries, gas turbines, and utility grid. Heating load is jointly supplied by air-source heat pumps, waste heat recovery from gas turbines, and thermal storage tanks. The gas load is provided jointly by the gas storage tank and the municipal gas network. This system type can effectively meet the diverse load demands and renewable energy utilization at the industrial park level. However, there are also problems such as the complex system structure and the difficulties of system modeling, optimization, and control.

thumbnail Figure 6

Schematic diagram of a power-cooling/heating-gas hybrid storage system.

In addition to the three typical hybrid energy storage methods, which are power-power, cooling-heating-power, and power-cooling/heating-gas storage, there are also power-gas (Figure 7) [158] and gas-gas storage [159‒161].

thumbnail Figure 7

Typical framework of a hybrid power-gas storage system [158].

The current proposed hybrid energy storage system can significantly improve the renewable energy utilization, but there are several pressing challenges remain. For instance, while much effort has addressed the power imbalance between the source and load sides through the use of power-power combined storage, many studies often neglect the simultaneous storage of heating and cooling energies. Thus, the advantages of hybrid energy storage in utilizing renewable energy sources have not been fully realized. Cooling-heating-power storage systems can effectively utilize various renewable energy resources and satisfy varied user load demands. However, this storage approach is predominantly passive, failing to integrate hybrid energy storage with forecasts of energy demand on the load side. The power-heating/cooling-gas hybrid storage boasts the high energy density of hydrogen or methane and its ease of storage, but there are disadvantages such as system complexity, modeling complexity, and poor economic performance.

To fully realize the application potential of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks, it is necessary to conduct optimization design and operation scheduling research. In the design and planning phase, it is essential to obtain data on renewable energy generation and user energy demand within the industrial park for a typical year. Utilizing a layered optimization approach integrating integrates artificial intelligence and mathematical programming, an optimal design solution for hybrid energy storage system is formulated, with the concurrently considering both equipment configuration and system operation optimization. In the operational control phase, an artificial intelligence-based energy forecasting model is established to predict short-term/ultra-short-term renewable energy generation and user load profiles in industrial parks. This forecasted data serve as the foundation, leading to the establishment of a detailed optimization model for the hybrid energy storage system. Employing an optimization method that integrated artificial intelligence and model predictive control, the hybrid energy storage system undergoes dynamic performance optimization. Through a two-phase optimization of design planning and operational control, the maximal potential of hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks can be realized. Finally, issues such as the energy imbalances between energy supply side and user demand side and the underutilization of renewable energy resources in industrial parks are effectively addressed.

CURRENT RESEARCH HOTSPOTS AND CHALLENGES

This section summarized the research hotspots of hybrid energy storage systems for industrial parks, focusing on modeling methods, hybrid energy storage mechanisms and more, and also discussed the challenges of hybrid energy storage, particularly in modeling, regulation, and optimization. Furthermore, from a theoretical standpoint, optimization methods and processes for designing and operating hybrid energy storage systems were proposed.

Modeling methods for hybrid energy storage system

The construction of a simple, reliable, and robust hybrid energy storage system serves as the theoretical basis for research on system configuration and operational optimization [14]. However, the hybrid energy storage system is significantly influenced by the response times of devices, including those renewable energy utilization and energy storage equipment. Simultaneously, the hybrid energy storage system comprises devices for energy production, storage, and consumption, presenting considerable challenges for the system’s modeling process. In current research, based on the characteristics of cooling, heating, and electrical energy, as well as the specific response times of equipment, energy devices can be categorized into thermally related slow-response devices (such as heating storage tank and chilled water storage) and electrically related fast-response devices (such as ultracapacitors and batteries). Different academic disciplines place emphasis on distinct types of energy devices, undertaking a series of modeling-related endeavors.

Currently, most reports within the building energy field are based on hourly energy balance constraints, emphasizing the establishment of thermodynamic models that characterize the operational features of related slow-response devices [48]. For cooling and heating transmission networks, modeling is typically conducted separately through the formulation of differential equations, and establishing hydraulic and thermodynamic models [162]. To account for the dynamic nature of storage equipment within the hybrid energy system, some studies have expanded on the general models mentioned earlier. A detailed thermodynamic model of the hybrid energy storage system is established, considering the start-stop and operational adjustments of related slow-response devices, the dissipation and cycling losses of thermal storage, and the transmission delays and dissipation in both cooling and heating distribution networks [163,164]. However, for electrically related fast-response devices, such as storage batteries and ultracapacitors, the primary focus often lies on metrics like energy input (or output), load rates, or state of charge. There is limited consideration given to variations in electrical parameters, such as response time, current, voltage, and frequency. As a result, the constructed hybrid energy storage model may not fully capture the rapid intrinsic characteristic changes and swift response features of these devices.

Electrical engineering studies typically establish unified models that comprehensively consider the transfer, conversion, and storage processes of heterogeneous energy flows in cooling, heating, and electricity. Eladl et al. [165] first introduced a modeling approach based on the energy hub concept. The energy hub concept offers a mathematically model of the energy transfer, conversion, and storage process in the equipment and network, significantly simplifying the model’s complexity and its computational challenges. In recent years, the energy hub concept has gained widespread application in modeling complex energy systems [166]. However, the energy hub model and its derived related models apply a linear simplification to the energy transfer, conversion, and storage processes of devices and networks. Moreover, these models predominantly focus on steady-state system analysis [167], which means they might not accurately depict the operational principles of devices, across all operational conditions. To comprehensively consider the operational patterns of hybrid energy storage during their transfer, conversion, and storage processes, several studies have proposed a range of models. These include a generalized circuit analysis model for multi-energy networks in matrix form ref. [168], a universal energy flow matrix model inspired by graph theory [169], a unified energy path model grounded in Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws [170], a comprehensive thermoelectric energy transport model [150], and a time-varying equivalent model for energy networks [171]. These models employ the concept of an electrical circuit analogy, analogizing the transfer, conversion, and storage processes of thermal and cooling energies to the flow of electrical charge through electrical components. This enables a unified analysis and modeling of both “fast” and “slow” response devices, thus facilitating integrated planning for hybrid energy storage systems. However, these modeling methods linearly simplify the variable working condition patterns of slow-response devices and fail to fully characterize their thermodynamic operational properties.

In summary, due to differing emphases across academic fields, existing hybrid energy storage system models struggle to comprehensively characterize the operational attributes of both “fast” and “slow” response devices on their respective time scales. Moreover, current modeling studies for hybrid energy storage systems primarily focus on storage capacity, with little attention given to the quality of energy stored using various methods. Additionally, the majority of existing literature predominantly explores hybrid energy storage’s utilization of source-side energy, with minimal research examining the impact of multiple energy demands on the user side on energy storage method selection and capacity allocation.

Hybrid energy storage mechanisms

For hybrid energy storage mechanisms in industrial parks, the primary focus is on comprehensively coordinating power-type energy storage, energy-type energy storage, heating energy storage and cooling energy storage operational methods, to realize the rational allocation of cooling, heating and electric loads for different energy storage methods. Notably, research on the power response optimization of various electricity energy storage methods is currently a hot topic in the field of hybrid energy storage system [172]. For the power response optimization issue concerning various electricity storage methods, existing literature typically considers the instantaneous power difference between the source and load. The low-frequency component is allocated to energy-type electricity storage, while the high-frequency component is designated for power-type electricity storage. Commonly used frequency separation methods include moving average filtering, low-pass filtering, fuzzy control, and smoothing power target decomposition [173].

The moving average filtering method [174] has a good inhibition effect on periodic interference and high smoothness and is suitable in high-frequency oscillation systems, but it has a low sensitivity. The low-pass filtering method [175,176], currently the most commonly used power allocation method, can quickly divide fluctuating power into high-frequency and low-frequency components. However, it cannot simultaneously consider the control sensitivity and the filtering results stability. The fuzzy control method [177,178] simplifies the system design complexity and is applicable to nonlinear, time-varying, time-delayed, and incomplete model system control, but it demands significant calculation complexity and is prone to resulting in unreasonable power allocation. The smoothing power target decomposition method [179] can ensure the energy storage system operation’s economic performance, but the computational costs are high and optimization is difficult. Many studies have focused on electric power utilization of source and load sides in different electricity storage methods, but thermal and cooling energy storages have not been considered simultaneously. Utilizing electrical power in various energy storage methods, a substantial amount of research has been conducted as mentioned above. However, these studies have not simultaneously taken into account the storage of both cooling and heating energy.

Currently, some researchers are integrating various energy storage methods (such as electricity storage, thermal storage, and cooling storage) into hybrid energy storage systems for research. However, the huge differences in response time, energy density, and duration among different energy storage methods make the operation and control of hybrid energy storage systems challenging. Typical operational strategies are based on different objective functions, such as hourly optimization [50], optimization for maximum renewable energy utilization [180], and time-of-use electricity price optimization [181], to achieve adaptive optimization on an hourly basis. Moreover, considering the high cost of electricity storage units, some reports propose new operating methods like power-to-cool [182] and power-to-heat [183] to convert electrical energy into cooling/heating energy for storage, aiming to enhance the economic benefits of hybrid energy storage system. However, much of the literature advocates for optimizing electricity storage, thermal storage, and cooling storage based on the passive control principle of “maximum self-consumption rate”, directing energy into the hybrid energy storage system.

However, in the process of optimizing electrical and thermal energy storage, most studies rely on the “maximum self-consumption rate” passive regulation principle, and load allocation is carried out for different energy storage methods. In addition, the hybrid energy storage load allocation is usually carried out by only considering the energy demand at the source and load sides at the present moment, without considering the energy demand characteristics in the future. As a result, some benefits of active cooperative storage in hybrid energy storage systems, such as peak-shaving and valley-filling, as well as increased renewable energy utilization, are not fully realized.

Hybrid energy storage optimization design research

Hybrid energy storage systems are composed of various energy storage methods, various renewable energy utilization technologies, etc. There is a need for optimization studies the hybrid energy storage system to enhance the overall benefits of the system [184]. The current optimization research usually considers both configuration and operation parameters of the hybrid energy storage system. There are mainly three solution methods that have been adopted: (1) carrying out a collaborative optimization of operating and configuration parameters [185]; (2) first optimizing the equipment configuration, and then the operation parameters in a multi-stage optimization [186]; (3) carrying out layered optimization based on different types of parameters [34].

Among them, the collaborative optimization method establishes a linear or nonlinear programming model for the hybrid energy storage system. It employs mathematical programming (such as linear programming [187], mixed-integer linear programming [188,189], etc.) or heuristic algorithms (such as the ant colony algorithm [190] and the multi-objective genetic algorithm [16], etc.) as optimization tools to determine the hourly power output of hybrid energy storage system. When the hybrid energy storage system is overly complex and has many optimization variables, the collaborative optimization method tends to have poor convergence, and may fall into local optimal solutions [191]. The multi-stage optimization method splits the optimization variables in the hybrid energy storage system, adopting a strategy of optimizing system configuration parameters first and then optimizing device operation scheduling. The multi-stage optimization method addresses the poor convergence and tendency of collaborative optimization methods to fall into local optima. However, the multi-stage optimization method has issues such as the dependency of the operational stage on the configuration stage of energy storage and a division between the configuration and operational stage [192].

The multi-layer optimization method often takes the upper layer as the hybrid energy storage system configuration layer and the middle or under layer as the operation scheduling layer of energy storage. It uses inter-layer iteration to determine the type, capacity, and operating scheme of the hybrid energy storage system [34,35]. The multi-layer optimization method has advantages such as fast computation speed, good global performance, strong stability, and accurate and reliable optimization results [193]. For instance, ref. [194] employed a two-layer optimization method to optimize the hybrid energy storage system. The upper layer optimized the energy storage capacity, while the under layer refined the operational scheme of the system. The results demonstrated that the system’s economic and energy benefits were significantly improved. Reference [195] utilized a genetic algorithm to undertake a two-layer coordinated optimization for the hybrid energy storage system. The upper layer focused on optimizing the capacity of hybrid energy storage, and the under layer optimized the operational parameters of the compressed air energy storage, achieving an integrated optimization between the system equipment configuration and operational parameters. Reference [35] applied a three-layer optimization approach to cooperatively optimize the hybrid energy storage system. The optimization outcomes indicated that this three-layer optimization method effectively boosted the system’s energy utilization efficiency and carbon emission reduction rate.

However, in the literature, hybrid energy storage systems have been mainly optimized on the constraints of power output and the capacity in energy storage. Few studies have considered the impact of energy storage response characteristics, storage energy density and quality, and investment and operating costs on the optimization of hybrid energy storage systems. Therefore, this article proposed a new optimization framework (Figure 8):

thumbnail Figure 8

Schematic of the hierarchical optimization method.

(1) Obtaining the renewable energy utilization curve and user load curve for a typical year and using the typical year data as the basic data for system optimization design;

(2) Establishing a refined energy supply model for the hybrid energy storage system;

(3) A hybrid energy storage system was planned and designed using methods that combined artificial intelligence with mathematical programming;

(4) Obtaining a more optimal equipment configuration and operation plan for the hybrid energy storage system.

Multi-time scale optimization operation

In hybrid energy storage systems, different energy storage methods have vastly different response times to renewable energy generation and user loads. The energy density and operation and maintenance costs between different energy storage methods show significant discrepancies [3,196]. Such multifaceted complexities pose significant challenges to the operational control of hybrid energy storage systems, rendering existing system operation methods have become unsuitable [197,198]. Currently, most reports are based on a day-ahead forecast profile from both the energy source and user load sides, formulating day-ahead scheduling plans for hybrid energy storage systems. However, during actual operation, the system working conditions are not real-time adjusted according to the errors in the day-ahead forecasts. This often leads hybrid storage systems to deviate from their optimal operating conditions, subsequently resulting in prominent issues such as “active storage” has limited advantages and low levels of energy storage utilization.

In order to solve the problems of mismatch between supply and demand energy, and the low utilization of hybrid energy storage system due to day-ahead forecast errors, some studies modified the day-ahead source-load prediction profile using short-term/ultra-short-term forecasting methods. This correction is based on day-ahead scheduling and developed more refined intra-day scheduling of hybrid energy storage systems [36,37]. Therefore, two-stage optimization operation schemes in hybrid energy storage system such as “day-ahead-intraday” [189], “day-ahead-real-time” [199], and “long-time scale-short-time scale” [170] have been proposed. Considering that the prediction accuracy is inversely proportional to the time span, some studies subdivided the intraday scheduling in hybrid energy storage systems according to the time scale. They adopted model predictive control techniques to fully harness the peak-shaving and valley-filling, and flexible scheduling advantages of hybrid energy storage systems, progressively reducing the mismatches in supply and demand energy from forecast errors on both the energy source and demand sides. Consequently, researchers have further proposed three-stage optimization operation schemes of hybrid energy storage systems, such as “hourly-minutely-secondly” [128] and “day-ahead-intraday-real-time” [200].

From a review of the literature, multi-time-scale optimization operation schemes have been summarized as depicted in Figure 9 [128,201‒205].

thumbnail Figure 9

Multi-time scale optimization method for the hybrid energy storage system.

(1) Day-ahead optimization scheduling The day-ahead (long-time scale) plans typically operates on a daily cycle, aiming for the lowest economic cost, minimum carbon emissions, maximum utilization of renewable energy, etc. They formulate hourly output plans for the hybrid energy storage system, taking into account constraints such as system energy balance and energy storage scheduling (all energy storage equipment participate in day-ahead scheduling).

(2) Intraday optimization operation Based on the day-ahead energy storage equipment start-stop schemes, intraday (short-time scale) plans commonly target the lowest operation and penalty costs, and minimum power fluctuation. These plans comprehensively consider constraints like short-term energy balance, and energy storage capacity and power output limits. Accordingly, they devise a scheduling plan for the hybrid energy storage system within that window, aiming to adjust and refine the day-ahead plan (all electricity storage and partial thermal storage equipment partake in intraday scheduling).

(3) Real-time optimization adjustment The real-time (short-time scale) plan typically prioritizes the safety and reliability of the hybrid energy storage system. Mainly considering constraints such as electricity energy equipment statuses and adjustability, they formulate short-time scale output adjustment schemes specifically for electricity storage devices (only electricity storage devices are involved in real-time scheduling).

However, the hybrid energy system structure is complex and contains a significant number of nonlinear constraints. The current method of model linear simplification does not accurately represent energy equipment models, resulting in large deviations between operation control outcomes and actual operations.

Therefore, this paper proposed a new operational optimization framework:

(1) Establishing an energy prediction model based on artificial intelligence to predict the short-term/ultra-short-term renewable energy power output and the user load profile in industrial parks;

(2) Establishing a refined energy supply model for the hybrid energy storage system with considering the energy storage response time, the quality of the stored energy, and the size of the user load demand;

(3) Using artificial intelligence combined with model predictive control to dynamically optimize the performance scheduling of the hybrid energy storage system;

(4) Obtaining an optimized scheduling scheme for the hybrid energy storage system that has both short calculation time and high accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper summarized the advantages, current status, and future challenges of hybrid energy storage systems applied in industrial parks. The main conclusions are as follows.

Electricity and gas energy storage have advantages of high energy quality, and a wide range of applications. The electricity energy storage technologies have some shortcomings such as low energy density, high cost per unit, and certain security risks. The gas energy storage technology has a lower energy conversion efficiency when using electrolytic water and methanation, high equipment costs, and other shortcomings. Thermal energy storage technologies have the advantages of being economical, environmentally friendly, and a long service life. However, there are shortcomings in terms of low energy quality, large thermal loss, low cycle efficiency, etc. Therefore, using a single energy storage method in an industrial park suffers from limitations and cannot meet the industrial park’s needs.

Hybrid energy storage systems provide enhanced economy efficiency, energy conservation, carbon emissions mitigation, and renewable energy utilization within industrial parks. Power-power energy storage can effectively mitigate both short-term power imbalances and long-term energy imbalances between the energy source and load sides, but it does not consider other energy storage forms. The cooling-heating-power energy storage can significantly improve the renewable energy utilization, but it predominantly operates based on a “passive storage” strategy, and the “active storage” combined with the advance energy forecasting is insufficient. The power-heating/cooling-gas energy storage leverages the advantages of high energy density and extends storage duration of hydrogen energy or methane energy, but faces challenges like system complexity, modeling difficulties, and inferior economic returns. Therefore, in the optimization design process, it was necessary to carry out research into the combination of energy storage, mathematical programming, and artificial intelligence optimization to realize optimal design of a hybrid energy storage system.

Regarding the research on hybrid energy storage systems in industrial parks, current literature had extensively explored various facets, including modeling methods for hybrid energy storage, mechanisms of hybrid energy storage, and optimization design and operation methods. Nonetheless, a crucial issue in the modeling stage is how to incorporate the dynamic operating characteristics of “fast” and “slow” devices in the hybrid energy storage system. In the operational control phase, accurately and comprehensively elucidating the storage mechanisms of hybrid energy storage systems remains a pressing challenge. In the operational optimization process, more work is needed to integrate energy storage, advance load forecasting, and artificial intelligence optimization methods to realize the potential for dynamic performance optimization during the operational control phase of the hybrid energy storage system.

In current research on the optimization of hybrid energy storage systems, equipment configuration and rule-based operational strategy are typically considered concurrently for optimization design. This, combined with user preferences, was used to conduct design planning for the hybrid energy storage system. However, in practical applications, when the energy generation and energy consumption from renewable sources and load side had significant fluctuations, these optimization design methods were of little meaning. Therefore, a new optimization framework was proposed in this paper. Within this framework, artificial intelligence and mathematical programming were integrated to optimize and achieve the optimal configuration of the hybrid energy storage system. Subsequently, using short-term/ultra-short-term forecasting techniques, the energy demand for the next day or the upcoming hours in the industrial park was ascertained. With this foundational data, dynamic optimization scheduling of the hybrid energy storage system was conducted, resulting in a more efficient dispatch strategy for the system.

In the future, constructing reliable, accurate, and robust hybrid energy storage system models remains a scientific challenge. Another unresolved issue is how to harness the “active storage” advantages of hybrid energy storage systems to enhance the overall energy storage efficiency. Determining the appropriate storage capacity for hybrid energy storage systems in different scenarios requires further investigation. Additionally, how to coordinate the interaction between hybrid energy storage systems, energy supply systems, and load flexibility to improve energy supply benefits in industrial parks warrants further exploration.

Data availability

The original data are available from corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4201003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52278104), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2023RC1042), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021JJ30118), and the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2021RC3042).

Author contributions

J.G. wrote the manuscript. J.P. revised the manuscript. All authors edited and proofread the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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All Tables

Table 1

Performance comparison of typical electricity storage methods [18,61‒64]

In the text
Table 2

Technical characteristics of commonly used commercial thermal storage materials [78,80–83]

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1

Primary energy consumption and carbon emissions for the building operation stage in China (2005–2020). tce: ton of standard coal equivalent.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2

Classification of industrial parks.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 3

Common energy storage technology in industrial parks.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 4

Schematic diagram of power-power hybrid energy storage.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 5

Typical framework of cooling-heating-power hybrid energy storage system [151].
In the text
thumbnail Figure 6

Schematic diagram of a power-cooling/heating-gas hybrid storage system.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 7

Typical framework of a hybrid power-gas storage system [158].
In the text
thumbnail Figure 8

Schematic of the hierarchical optimization method.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 9

Multi-time scale optimization method for the hybrid energy storage system.
In the text

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