(a) Height evolution of a glass bead packing h as a function of the number of thermal cycles n under a temperature variation of $∆T=$30°C. Inset: magnified portion of the compression data showing the compaction curve. The black dotted curve corresponds to the estimated height variation of glass bead packings due to the thermal dilatancy alone. (b) Height evolution of markers $h_{\text{m}}$ as a function of the number of thermal cycles n. Inset: magnified portion of the compression data showing the compaction curve. Blue solid curves denote the single exponential fitting for the heating and cooling stages, $A+B\exp {\left(-\frac{t}{\tau }\right)}^{\beta }$, respectively.